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Further reading

Epidemiology

• Creswell J, Raviglione M, Ottmani S, et al. Tuberculosis and non-communicable diseases: neglected links, missed opportunities. Eur Respir J 2011; 37: 1269–1282.
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2013. Stockholm, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2013. ecdc.europa.eu/en/Publications/Tuberculosis- surveillance-monitoring-2013.pdf
• Huynh KK, Joshi SA, Brown EJ. A delicate dance: host response to mycobacteria. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23: 464–472.
• Rieder H. Epidemiologic Basis of Tuberculosis Control. Paris, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 1999. www.theunion.org/index.php?id=110&cid=165&fid=57 &task=download&option=com_flexicontent&Itemid=43&lang=en
• Tiemersma EW, van der Werf MJ, Borgdorff MW, et al. Natural history of tuberculosis: duration and fatality of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV negative patients: a systematic review. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17601.
• World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Control 2011. WHO/HTM/ TB/2011.16. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011. whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2011/9789241564380_eng.pdf
• World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2012. WHO/HTM/TB/2012.6. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012. www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr12_main. pdf

Drug-resistant tuberculosis

• Falzon D, Gandhi N, Migliori GB, et al. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs: impact on MDR-TB outcomes. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 156–168.
• Migliori GB, Besozzi G, Girardi E, et al. Clinical and operational value of the extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis definition. Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 623–626.
• Nathanson E, Nunn P, Uplekar M, et al. MDR tuberculosis – critical steps for prevention and control. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1050–1058.
• World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis. WHO/HTM/TB/2008.402. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008. whqlibdoc. who.int/publications/2008/9789241547581_eng.pdf

Diagnosis

• Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1005–1015.
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Use of Interferon-γ Release Assays in Support of TB Diagnosis. Stockholm, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2011. ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/publications/1103_gui_igra.pdf

Clinical management

• Falzon D, Jaramillo E, Schünemann HJ, et al. WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis: 2011 update. Eur Respir J 2011; 38: 516–528.
• Harries AD, Zachariah R, Corbett EL, et al. The HIV-associated tuberculosis epidemic – when will we act? Lancet 2010; 375: 1906–1919.
• Migliori GB, Zellweger JP, Abubakar I, et al. European Union standards for tuberculosis care. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 807–819.
• Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance. International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC). 2nd Edn. The Hague, Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance, 2009. www.istcweb.org/documents/ISTC_Report_2ndEd_Nov2009.pdf
• World Health Organization. Treatment of Tuberculosis Guidelines. 4th Edn. WHO/ HTM/TB/2009.420. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010. whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2010/9789241547833_eng.pdf

Public health management

• Broekmans JF, Migliori GB, Rieder HL, et al. European framework for tuberculosis control and elimination in countries with a low incidence. Recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) and Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Association (KNCV) Working Group. Eur Respir J 2002; 19: 765–775.
• Lienhardt C, Glaziou P, Uplekar M, et al. Global tuberculosis control: lessons learnt and future prospects. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012; 10: 407–416.
• McShane H. Tuberculosis vaccines: beyond bacille Calmette-Guérin. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366: 2782–2789.
• Raviglione MC, Uplekar MW. WHO’s new Stop TB Strategy. Lancet 2006; 367: 952–955.
• World Health Organization. The Global MDR-TB and XDR-TB Response Plan 2007–2008. WHO/HTM/TB/2007.387. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007. www.who.int/tb/ publications/2007/global_response_plan.pdf
• World Health Organization, Stop TB Partnership. An International Roadmap for Tuberculosis Research. Geneva, 2011. www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/resources/publications/ technical/tbresearchroadmap.pdf

Nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases

• Andrejak C, Thomsen VO, Johansen IS, et al. Nontuberculous pulmonary mycobacteriosis in Denmark: incidence and prognostic factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: 514–521.
• Daley CL, Griffith DE. Pulmonary non-tuberculous infections. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010; 14: 665–671.
• Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 367–416.
• Henry MT, Inamdar L, O’Riordain D, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in non-HIV patients: epidemiology, treatment and response. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 741–746.
• Reuss AM, Wiese-Posselt M, Weissmann B, et al. Incidence rate of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in immunocompetent children: a prospective nationwide surveillance study in Germany. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: 642–644.
• van Ingen J, Bendien SA, de Lange WC, et al. Clinical relevance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated in the Nijmegen-Arnhem region, The Netherlands. Thorax 2009; 64: 502–506.

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Chapters

• Editors' introduction
• Foreword from the World Health Organization
• Foreword from the European Commission
• Promoting respiratory health in Europe
• The burden of lung disease
  • Introduction: the global perspective
  • Key points
  • Respiratory deaths in Europe
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • The impact on health services
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Figure 6
  • The “iceberg of disease”
  • Figure 7
  • Recent trends
  • Figure 8
  • Figure 9
  • Figure 10
  • Future projections
  • Terminology and data
  • Data sources
• The economic burden of lung disease
  • Background
  • Key points
  • Methods
  • The cost of respiratory disease
  • Figure 1
  • Discussion
  • Further reading
• Genetic susceptibility
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Monogenic diseases
  • Complex diseases
  • Figure 3
  • Complex traits
  • Conclusions and future prospects
  • Further reading
• Early-life events
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Abnormal antenatal lung growth
  • Low birthweight
  • Prematurity and BPD
  • Figure 1
  • Tobacco smoke exposure
  • Viral infections in infancy
  • Wheezy bronchitis
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Diet and nutrition
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Diet as a risk factor
  • Nutritional status and interventions
  • Clinical recommendations
  • Further reading
• Outdoor environment
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Pollution: composition/sources
  • Pathophysiological effects of air pollutants
  • Respiratory health effects
  • Long-term consequences
  • Figure 1
  • Respiratory disease in adults and children
  • Lung cancer
  • Figure 2
  • The importance of susceptibility
  • Relevance and outlook
  • Further Reading
• Occupational risk factors
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Exposure history and assessment
  • Latency between exposure and disease
  • Figure 2
  • Maximum workplace concentrations
  • Exposures and their effects
  • Further reading
• Passive smoking
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Harmful effects of SHS on health
  • Figure 1
  • Estimates of burden of disease due to SHS
  • Measurement of SHS
  • Health benefits of smoke-free legislation
  • Protection from exposure to SHS
  • Further reading
• Tobacco smoking
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Toxic effects of tobacco smoke
  • Disorders induced by tobacco smoking
  • Figure 2
  • Societal costs of smoking
  • Dependence on tobacco
  • Legislation and prevention of smoking
  • Figure 3
  • Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation
  • Counselling for smoking cessation
  • Benefits of quitting smoking
  • Cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation
  • ERS guidelines on smoking cessation
  • Future developments
  • Conclusions
  • Further reading
• Indoor environment
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Indoor pollutants and health effects
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Specific pollutants
  • Figure 3
  • Indoor air quality in schools
  • Figure 4
  • Interventions
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Childhood asthma
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Future developments
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Adult asthma
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Future developments and research needs
  • Further reading
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Future developments
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Cystic fibrosis
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Figure 3
  • Future developments
  • Research needs and unanswered questions
  • Further reading
• Bronchiectasis
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Figure 2
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Future developments
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Paediatric respiratory diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key Points
  • Figure 1
  • Acute bronchiolitis
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Perinatal respiratory diseases and BPD
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Severe community-acquired pneumonia in children
  • Figure 6
  • Tuberculosis in children
  • Figure 7
  • Immunisation
  • Figure 8
  • Congenital respiratory disorders
  • General remarks
  • Further reading
• Tuberculosis
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention and control
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Research needs
  • Future developments
  • Further reading
• Acute lower respiratory infections
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Influenza
  • Figure 2
  • Pneumonia
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5a
  • Figure 5b
  • Figure 6
  • Prevention
  • Future developments
  • Further reading
• Lung cancer
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Causes
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Figure 4
  • Future developments
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Definition and diagnosis
  • Pathogenesis
  • Incidence and outcome
  • Treatment options
  • Future developments
  • Further reading
• Pulmonary vascular disease
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Further reading
• Interstitial lung diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Financial burden
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Sleep breathing disorders
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • The pathophysiology of OSAS
  • Figure 1
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Prognosis
  • Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
  • Future developments and research needs
  • Further reading
• Occupational lung diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Acute inhalation injuries
  • Occupational infections
  • Asthma
  • COPD
  • Interstitial lung diseases
  • Figure 1
  • Types of ILD
  • Lung cancer
  • Pleural disease
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Prevention
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Rare and orphan lung diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Specific diseases
  • Diagnosis and support
  • Therapy
  • Future developments
  • Further reading
• Immunisation against respiratory diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Influenza
  • Figure 1
  • Pertussis
  • Figure 2
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Figure 3
  • Tuberculosis
  • Figure 4
  • Developments and research needs
  • Further reading
• Principles of respiratory investigation
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • History
  • Physical examination
  • Laboratory methods
  • Respiratory function tests
  • Figure 1
  • Imaging techniques
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Invasive biopsy techniques
  • Figure 4
  • Further reading
• Principles of respiratory therapy
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Pharmacological therapy
  • Figure 1
  • Nonpharmacological therapy
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Other forms of treatment
  • Further reading
• Pulmonary rehabilitation
  • Background
  • Key points
  • Definition
  • Rationale
  • Application
  • Outcome
  • Setting and content
  • What is needed?
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Paediatric respiratory medicine
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Setting
  • Figure 2
  • Training
  • Standardisation of care: towards a common goal
  • Keeping up with developments
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Respiratory intensive care
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • The role of respiratory medicine in intensive care
  • Figure 1
  • Future prospects
  • Figure 2
  • Further reading
• Thoracic surgery
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Standards of care
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Changing roles
  • The future
  • Further reading
• Medical respiratory specialists
  • Introduction
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Figure 6
• Allied respiratory professionals
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Respiratory technologists and clinical scientists
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Respiratory physiotherapists
  • Respiratory nurses
  • Further reading
• Primary care practitioners
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Primary care practitioners
  • Primary care and chronic lung disease
  • A role for primary care practitioners
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Specialist clinical training (HERMES)
  • Specialist training in respiratory medicine
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Development strategy for educational standards
  • Figure 2
  • The HERMES projects: adult respiratory medicine
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • The other HERMES projects
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• ERS School and postgraduate education
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • The HERMES projects
  • The ERS School web platform
  • Figure 1
  • ERS School Courses
  • School publications
  • Educational research seminars
  • Skills-based, hands-on learning
  • Strategic developments in the School
  • Further reading
• Respiratory research
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Fields of research
  • Advances in respiratory biomedicine
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Respiratory journals and publications
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • General medical journals
  • Types of journal article
  • Peer review in respiratory journals
  • Assessing quality and status of respiratory journals
  • Publication ethics
  • Advances in publishing
  • Open access
  • Publications of the ERS
  • Conclusions
  • Further reading
• Patient organisations and the European Lung Foundation
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • The role of patient organisations
  • Figure 1
  • Pan-European patient organisations
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Figure 2
  • Challenges
  • The future
  • Further reading
• Recommendations and policy
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Approach
  • Policy context
  • Noncommunicable diseases
  • Tobacco
  • Air quality
  • Tuberculosis
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading