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Overall
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<30
30-39
40-49
≥50
Figure 1
– Hospital admission rate for pulmonary vascular disease (age-standardised rate per 100 000). Data from World Health Organization Hospital Morbidity Database, October 2011 update, and Eurostat, March 2012 update.
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Chapters
Editors' introduction
Foreword from the World Health Organization
Foreword from the European Commission
Promoting respiratory health in Europe
The burden of lung disease
Introduction: the global perspective
Key points
Respiratory deaths in Europe
Figure 1
Figure 2
The impact on health services
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
The “iceberg of disease”
Figure 7
Recent trends
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Future projections
Terminology and data
Data sources
The economic burden of lung disease
Background
Key points
Methods
The cost of respiratory disease
Figure 1
Discussion
Further reading
Genetic susceptibility
Introduction
Key points
Figure 1
Figure 2
Monogenic diseases
Complex diseases
Figure 3
Complex traits
Conclusions and future prospects
Further reading
Early-life events
Introduction
Key points
Abnormal antenatal lung growth
Low birthweight
Prematurity and BPD
Figure 1
Tobacco smoke exposure
Viral infections in infancy
Wheezy bronchitis
Conclusion
Further reading
Diet and nutrition
Introduction
Key points
Diet as a risk factor
Nutritional status and interventions
Clinical recommendations
Further reading
Outdoor environment
Introduction
Key points
Pollution: composition/sources
Pathophysiological effects of air pollutants
Respiratory health effects
Long-term consequences
Figure 1
Respiratory disease in adults and children
Lung cancer
Figure 2
The importance of susceptibility
Relevance and outlook
Further Reading
Occupational risk factors
Introduction
Key points
Figure 1
Exposure history and assessment
Latency between exposure and disease
Figure 2
Maximum workplace concentrations
Exposures and their effects
Further reading
Passive smoking
Introduction
Key points
Harmful effects of SHS on health
Figure 1
Estimates of burden of disease due to SHS
Measurement of SHS
Health benefits of smoke-free legislation
Protection from exposure to SHS
Further reading
Tobacco smoking
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
Figure 1
Toxic effects of tobacco smoke
Disorders induced by tobacco smoking
Figure 2
Societal costs of smoking
Dependence on tobacco
Legislation and prevention of smoking
Figure 3
Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation
Counselling for smoking cessation
Benefits of quitting smoking
Cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation
ERS guidelines on smoking cessation
Future developments
Conclusions
Further reading
Indoor environment
Introduction
Key points
Indoor pollutants and health effects
Figure 1
Figure 2
Specific pollutants
Figure 3
Indoor air quality in schools
Figure 4
Interventions
Conclusion
Further reading
Childhood asthma
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Causes/pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations and consequences
Prevention
Management
Prognosis
Future developments
Research needs
Further reading
Adult asthma
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
Figure 1
Causes/pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations
Figure 2
Figure 3
Prevention
Management
Prognosis
Future developments and research needs
Further reading
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Causes/pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations
Prevention
Management
Prognosis
Future developments
Research needs
Further reading
Cystic fibrosis
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
Figure 1
Figure 2
Causes/pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations and consequences
Prevention
Management
Prognosis
Figure 3
Future developments
Research needs and unanswered questions
Further reading
Bronchiectasis
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
Figure 1
Causes/pathogenesis
Figure 2
Clinical manifestations and consequences
Prevention
Management
Prognosis
Future developments
Research needs
Further reading
Paediatric respiratory diseases
Introduction
Key Points
Figure 1
Acute bronchiolitis
Figure 2
Figure 3
Perinatal respiratory diseases and BPD
Figure 4
Figure 5
Severe community-acquired pneumonia in children
Figure 6
Tuberculosis in children
Figure 7
Immunisation
Figure 8
Congenital respiratory disorders
General remarks
Further reading
Tuberculosis
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Causes/pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations and consequences
Prevention and control
Management
Prognosis
Research needs
Future developments
Further reading
Acute lower respiratory infections
Introduction
Key points
Figure 1
Influenza
Figure 2
Pneumonia
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5a
Figure 5b
Figure 6
Prevention
Future developments
Further reading
Lung cancer
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Causes
Prevention
Management
Prognosis
Figure 4
Future developments
Research needs
Further reading
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Introduction
Key points
Definition and diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Incidence and outcome
Treatment options
Future developments
Further reading
Pulmonary vascular disease
Introduction
Key points
Figure 1
Figure 2
Pulmonary embolism
Figure 3
Figure 4
Pulmonary hypertension
Further reading
Interstitial lung diseases
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
Figure 1
Figure 2
Causes/pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations and consequences
Prevention
Management
Prognosis
Financial burden
Figure 3
Figure 4
Research needs
Further reading
Sleep breathing disorders
Introduction
Key points
Epidemiology
The pathophysiology of OSAS
Figure 1
Clinical manifestations and consequences
Prevention
Management
Figure 2
Figure 3
Prognosis
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Future developments and research needs
Further reading
Occupational lung diseases
Introduction
Key points
Acute inhalation injuries
Occupational infections
Asthma
COPD
Interstitial lung diseases
Figure 1
Types of ILD
Lung cancer
Pleural disease
Figure 2
Figure 3
Prevention
Conclusion
Further reading
Rare and orphan lung diseases
Introduction
Key points
Specific diseases
Diagnosis and support
Therapy
Future developments
Further reading
Immunisation against respiratory diseases
Introduction
Key points
Influenza
Figure 1
Pertussis
Figure 2
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Figure 3
Tuberculosis
Figure 4
Developments and research needs
Further reading
Principles of respiratory investigation
Introduction
Key points
History
Physical examination
Laboratory methods
Respiratory function tests
Figure 1
Imaging techniques
Figure 2
Figure 3
Invasive biopsy techniques
Figure 4
Further reading
Principles of respiratory therapy
Introduction
Key points
Pharmacological therapy
Figure 1
Nonpharmacological therapy
Figure 2
Figure 3
Other forms of treatment
Further reading
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Background
Key points
Definition
Rationale
Application
Outcome
Setting and content
What is needed?
Conclusion
Further reading
Paediatric respiratory medicine
Introduction
Key points
Figure 1
Setting
Figure 2
Training
Standardisation of care: towards a common goal
Keeping up with developments
Conclusion
Further reading
Respiratory intensive care
Introduction
Key points
The role of respiratory medicine in intensive care
Figure 1
Future prospects
Figure 2
Further reading
Thoracic surgery
Introduction
Key points
Standards of care
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Changing roles
The future
Further reading
Medical respiratory specialists
Introduction
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Allied respiratory professionals
Introduction
Key points
Respiratory technologists and clinical scientists
Figure 1
Figure 2
Respiratory physiotherapists
Respiratory nurses
Further reading
Primary care practitioners
Introduction
Key points
Primary care practitioners
Primary care and chronic lung disease
A role for primary care practitioners
Conclusion
Further reading
Specialist clinical training (HERMES)
Specialist training in respiratory medicine
Key points
Figure 1
Development strategy for educational standards
Figure 2
The HERMES projects: adult respiratory medicine
Figure 3
Figure 4
The other HERMES projects
Conclusion
Further reading
ERS School and postgraduate education
Introduction
Key points
The HERMES projects
The ERS School web platform
Figure 1
ERS School Courses
School publications
Educational research seminars
Skills-based, hands-on learning
Strategic developments in the School
Further reading
Respiratory research
Introduction
Key points
Fields of research
Advances in respiratory biomedicine
Conclusion
Further reading
Respiratory journals and publications
Introduction
Key points
Figure 1
General medical journals
Types of journal article
Peer review in respiratory journals
Assessing quality and status of respiratory journals
Publication ethics
Advances in publishing
Open access
Publications of the ERS
Conclusions
Further reading
Patient organisations and the European Lung Foundation
Introduction
Key points
The role of patient organisations
Figure 1
Pan-European patient organisations
Respiratory diseases
Figure 2
Challenges
The future
Further reading
Recommendations and policy
Introduction
Key points
Approach
Policy context
Noncommunicable diseases
Tobacco
Air quality
Tuberculosis
Conclusion
Further reading
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