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Further reading

• Greenough A, Milner AD. Chronic lung disease. In : Rennie JM, Roberton NRC. Texbook of Neonatology. 4th Edn. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 2005; pp. 448–467.
• Hallam M, Marttila R, Pertile R, et al. Genes and environment in common neonatal lung disease. Neonatology 2007; 91: 298–302.
• Narang I, Bush A. Early origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 17: 112–118.

Abnormal antenatal lung growth

• Greenough A, Shaheen SO, Shennan A, et al. Respiratory outcomes in early childhood following antenatal vitamin C and E supplementation. Thorax 2010; 65: 998–1003.
• Greenough A, Yuksel B, Naik S, et al. First trimester invasive procedures: effects on symptom status and lung volume in very young children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997; 24: 415–422.

Low birthweight

• Barker DJ, Godfrey KM, Fall C, et al. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ 1991; 303: 671–675.

Prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia

• Baraldi E, Filippone M. Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1946–1955.
• Jobe AH, Bancalari E. NICHD/NHLSI/ORD Workshop Summary. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1723–1729.
• Jobe AH. The new BPD: an arrest of lung development. Pediatr Res 1999; 46: 641–643.
• Kinsella JP, Greenough A, Abman SH. Chronic lung disease of prematurity (bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Lancet 2006; 367: 1421–1431.
• Peacock, JL, Lo JW, D’Costa W, et al. Respiratory morbidity at follow-up of small-for- gestational age infants born very prematurely. Pediatr Res 2012 [In press DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.201].
• Van Marter LJ, Ammann O, Allred EN, et al. Chorioamnionitis, mechanical ventilation and postnatal sepsis as modulators of chronic lung disease in preterm infants. J Pediatr 2002; 140: 171–176.

Tobacco smoke exposure

• Cook DG, Strachan DP, Carey IM. Health effects of passive smoking. Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children. Thorax 1998; 53: 884–893.
• Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Li YF, et al. Effects of early onset asthma and in utero exposure to maternal smoking on childhood lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 917–924.
• Jones LL, Hashim A, McKeever, et al. Parental and household smoking and the increased risk of bronchitis, bronchiolitis and other lower respiratory infections in infancy: systemic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res 2011; 12: 5.
• Kwok MK, Schooling CM, Ho LM, et al. Early life second-hand smoke exposure and serious infectious morbidity during the first 8 years: evidence from Hong Kong’s “Children of 1997” birth cohort. Tob Control 2008; 17: 263–370.
• Landau LI. Tobacco smoke exposure and tracking of lung function into adult life. Paediatr Respir Rev 2008; 9: 39–44.
• Milner AD, Rao H, Greenough A. The effects of antenatal smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms in infants and children. Early Hum Dev 2007; 83: 707–711.
• Taylor B, Wadsworth J. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and lower respiratory tract illness in early life. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62: 786–791.

Viral infections in infancy

• Barker DJ, Godfrey KM, Fall C, et al. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ 1991; 303: 671–675.
• Ermers MJ, Jansen RJ, Onland-Moret NC, et al. IL10 family member genes IL19 and IL20 are associated with recurrent wheeze after respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pediatr Res 2011; 70: 518–523.
• Gern JE. Rhinovirus and the initiation of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9: 73–78.
• Greenough A, Alexander J, Boit P, et al. School age outcome of hospitalisation with respiratory syncytial virus infection of prematurely born infants. Thorax 2009; 64: 490–495.
• Greenough A, Broughton S. Respiratory syncytial virus infection: outcome, management and prevention. Infant 2005; 1: 14–17.
• Jackson DJ, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, et al. Evidence for a causal relationship between allergic sensitization and rhinovirus wheezing in early life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185: 281–285.
• Kusel M, de Klerk N, Kebadze T, et al. Early life respiratory viral infections, atopic sensitization and risk of subsequent development of persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 1105–1110.
• Stein RT, Sherrill D, Morgan WJ, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years. Lancet 1999; 354: 541–545.

Wheezy bronchitis

• Edwards CA, Osman LM, Godden DJ, et al. Wheezy bronchitis in childhood: a distinct clinical entity with lifelong significance? Chest 2003; 124: 18–24.

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Chapters

• Editors' introduction
• Foreword from the World Health Organization
• Foreword from the European Commission
• Promoting respiratory health in Europe
• The burden of lung disease
  • Introduction: the global perspective
  • Key points
  • Respiratory deaths in Europe
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • The impact on health services
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Figure 6
  • The “iceberg of disease”
  • Figure 7
  • Recent trends
  • Figure 8
  • Figure 9
  • Figure 10
  • Future projections
  • Terminology and data
  • Data sources
• The economic burden of lung disease
  • Background
  • Key points
  • Methods
  • The cost of respiratory disease
  • Figure 1
  • Discussion
  • Further reading
• Genetic susceptibility
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Monogenic diseases
  • Complex diseases
  • Figure 3
  • Complex traits
  • Conclusions and future prospects
  • Further reading
• Early-life events
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Abnormal antenatal lung growth
  • Low birthweight
  • Prematurity and BPD
  • Figure 1
  • Tobacco smoke exposure
  • Viral infections in infancy
  • Wheezy bronchitis
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Diet and nutrition
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Diet as a risk factor
  • Nutritional status and interventions
  • Clinical recommendations
  • Further reading
• Outdoor environment
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Pollution: composition/sources
  • Pathophysiological effects of air pollutants
  • Respiratory health effects
  • Long-term consequences
  • Figure 1
  • Respiratory disease in adults and children
  • Lung cancer
  • Figure 2
  • The importance of susceptibility
  • Relevance and outlook
  • Further Reading
• Occupational risk factors
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Exposure history and assessment
  • Latency between exposure and disease
  • Figure 2
  • Maximum workplace concentrations
  • Exposures and their effects
  • Further reading
• Passive smoking
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Harmful effects of SHS on health
  • Figure 1
  • Estimates of burden of disease due to SHS
  • Measurement of SHS
  • Health benefits of smoke-free legislation
  • Protection from exposure to SHS
  • Further reading
• Tobacco smoking
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Toxic effects of tobacco smoke
  • Disorders induced by tobacco smoking
  • Figure 2
  • Societal costs of smoking
  • Dependence on tobacco
  • Legislation and prevention of smoking
  • Figure 3
  • Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation
  • Counselling for smoking cessation
  • Benefits of quitting smoking
  • Cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation
  • ERS guidelines on smoking cessation
  • Future developments
  • Conclusions
  • Further reading
• Indoor environment
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Indoor pollutants and health effects
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Specific pollutants
  • Figure 3
  • Indoor air quality in schools
  • Figure 4
  • Interventions
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Childhood asthma
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Future developments
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Adult asthma
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Future developments and research needs
  • Further reading
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Future developments
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Cystic fibrosis
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Figure 3
  • Future developments
  • Research needs and unanswered questions
  • Further reading
• Bronchiectasis
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Figure 2
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Future developments
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Paediatric respiratory diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key Points
  • Figure 1
  • Acute bronchiolitis
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Perinatal respiratory diseases and BPD
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Severe community-acquired pneumonia in children
  • Figure 6
  • Tuberculosis in children
  • Figure 7
  • Immunisation
  • Figure 8
  • Congenital respiratory disorders
  • General remarks
  • Further reading
• Tuberculosis
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention and control
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Research needs
  • Future developments
  • Further reading
• Acute lower respiratory infections
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Influenza
  • Figure 2
  • Pneumonia
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5a
  • Figure 5b
  • Figure 6
  • Prevention
  • Future developments
  • Further reading
• Lung cancer
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Causes
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Figure 4
  • Future developments
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Definition and diagnosis
  • Pathogenesis
  • Incidence and outcome
  • Treatment options
  • Future developments
  • Further reading
• Pulmonary vascular disease
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Further reading
• Interstitial lung diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Causes/pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Financial burden
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Research needs
  • Further reading
• Sleep breathing disorders
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Epidemiology
  • The pathophysiology of OSAS
  • Figure 1
  • Clinical manifestations and consequences
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Prognosis
  • Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
  • Future developments and research needs
  • Further reading
• Occupational lung diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Acute inhalation injuries
  • Occupational infections
  • Asthma
  • COPD
  • Interstitial lung diseases
  • Figure 1
  • Types of ILD
  • Lung cancer
  • Pleural disease
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Prevention
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Rare and orphan lung diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Specific diseases
  • Diagnosis and support
  • Therapy
  • Future developments
  • Further reading
• Immunisation against respiratory diseases
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Influenza
  • Figure 1
  • Pertussis
  • Figure 2
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Figure 3
  • Tuberculosis
  • Figure 4
  • Developments and research needs
  • Further reading
• Principles of respiratory investigation
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • History
  • Physical examination
  • Laboratory methods
  • Respiratory function tests
  • Figure 1
  • Imaging techniques
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Invasive biopsy techniques
  • Figure 4
  • Further reading
• Principles of respiratory therapy
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Pharmacological therapy
  • Figure 1
  • Nonpharmacological therapy
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Other forms of treatment
  • Further reading
• Pulmonary rehabilitation
  • Background
  • Key points
  • Definition
  • Rationale
  • Application
  • Outcome
  • Setting and content
  • What is needed?
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Paediatric respiratory medicine
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Setting
  • Figure 2
  • Training
  • Standardisation of care: towards a common goal
  • Keeping up with developments
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Respiratory intensive care
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • The role of respiratory medicine in intensive care
  • Figure 1
  • Future prospects
  • Figure 2
  • Further reading
• Thoracic surgery
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Standards of care
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Changing roles
  • The future
  • Further reading
• Medical respiratory specialists
  • Introduction
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Figure 6
• Allied respiratory professionals
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Respiratory technologists and clinical scientists
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Respiratory physiotherapists
  • Respiratory nurses
  • Further reading
• Primary care practitioners
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Primary care practitioners
  • Primary care and chronic lung disease
  • A role for primary care practitioners
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Specialist clinical training (HERMES)
  • Specialist training in respiratory medicine
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • Development strategy for educational standards
  • Figure 2
  • The HERMES projects: adult respiratory medicine
  • Figure 3
  • Figure 4
  • The other HERMES projects
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• ERS School and postgraduate education
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • The HERMES projects
  • The ERS School web platform
  • Figure 1
  • ERS School Courses
  • School publications
  • Educational research seminars
  • Skills-based, hands-on learning
  • Strategic developments in the School
  • Further reading
• Respiratory research
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Fields of research
  • Advances in respiratory biomedicine
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading
• Respiratory journals and publications
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Figure 1
  • General medical journals
  • Types of journal article
  • Peer review in respiratory journals
  • Assessing quality and status of respiratory journals
  • Publication ethics
  • Advances in publishing
  • Open access
  • Publications of the ERS
  • Conclusions
  • Further reading
• Patient organisations and the European Lung Foundation
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • The role of patient organisations
  • Figure 1
  • Pan-European patient organisations
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Figure 2
  • Challenges
  • The future
  • Further reading
• Recommendations and policy
  • Introduction
  • Key points
  • Approach
  • Policy context
  • Noncommunicable diseases
  • Tobacco
  • Air quality
  • Tuberculosis
  • Conclusion
  • Further reading